MIGRATIONS*
Migrations are the movement or resettlement of people, either from one country to another or from one part of a country to another.
You will write an essay (or more) that asks you analyze similarities and differences in certain migrations. Use the charts to help you organize the information that you read on migrations.
There are various ways of organizing migrations. Some historians (e.g. Roger Cohen) classify migrations into the following groups: · "Victims" such as the Armenians; · "Labor” such as Indian contract workers; · "Trade" such as Lebanese merchants in West Africa; · "Imperial" such as British population movements to overseas dominions; · "Cultural" such as Caribbeans living abroad, though some groups (e.g. Jews) comprise several types...
Others use these categorizations: · Settlers – those who move to a different community with the purpose of joining it, · Sojourners – those who move to a new community with the intention of returning to their home communities, · Itinerants – those who move from community to community with no single home · Invaders – those who arrive as a group with the objective of seizing control rather than joining
Others (Bridging World History) examine the causes and effects of migrations:
Causes of Migrations
Generic Examples of Causes of Migrations
Generic Global Effects of Migrations
Environmental Changes
Shift in climate, depletion of natural resources, drought, earthquake
Redistribution of world’s population blending of cultures
Economic Pressures
Increasing population, famine, unemployment
Shifts in population
Political and Religious Persecution
Slave trade, war, ethnic cleansing, repression
Dislocation & oppression of peoples, spread of ideas & religions
Technological Development
Tools, agriculture, iron smelting, communications and transportation networks
Development of civilizations and empires
Still others (Patrick Manning) use this categorization: · Home-community migration – to broaden gene pool by moving within the community · Colonization – to extend the range of the group · Whole community migration – to alternate among ecological settings · Cross-community migration – to share community experience
Chart courtesy of Monica Bond-Lamberty
MIGRATIONS – FOUNDATIONS
Migration
Destinations and other characteristics (transportation, participants’ gender, age, class, etc)
Causes/Motivation (“Push” or “Pull” Factors)
Reception / Impact/Effects
Armesto page ref.
Ice Age
Destinations: 1. Middle East: 100,000 years ago 2. China: 67,000 years ago 3. Australia: 50,000 years ago 4.North America: 15,000 years ago. Transportation: By foot Participants' gender: Both male and female.
Causes: Change of Climate, Movement of food sources (hunting and gathering system)
Effects: Small groups (tribes), low birth rate, increase of learning and adapting,
Pg. 8-28
Polynesians (originally from SE Asia?)
Bantu
Destination: West Africa from Cameroon (swampy valley bottoms above the forest level) 5,000 years ago. Transportation: not mentioned, however, probably on foot Participants: not mentioned, however males and females of all ages Class: not mentioned
Cause: unknown
The same food as in the swamplands (native yams and oil palm) was produced in West Africa.
Pg. 42
Greeks
Phoenicians
ELE---Destination: Tunisia in North Africa and Cadiz in Spain. Carthage in about 800B.C.E. Mediterranean islands of Malta and Sardinia in 700 B.C.E. Finally Mogador in northwest Africa. Transportation: not mentioned exactly, but probably the use of the Mediterranean Sea. Participants: n/a Class: n/a
Cause: "this was a period when the only way to trade with a region that did not have its own merchant class or tradition of long-distance commerce was to colonize it" (Armesto 123). The migration and new colonization was for the most part caused by the necessity of trade between the civilizations.
The Phoenicians had waters, and mountains with timber, but they had no land to farm, therefore trade was the only way for them to receive necessary crops.
"Phoenicia" expresses the Phoenicians' biggest interest of trade.
Languages were spread. Starting with the Phoenicians--> Greeks--> Romans--> then to everyone. Trade was allowed. New colonies were born.
pgs. 122-126
Indo-Europeans
Destination: Europe. Migrants from Asia.
Motivation: farming. They brought their farming materials and knowledge. colonization.
Colonization and farming in Europe. Also, Indo-European languages.
Pg. 46
Angles and Saxons
Huns
Jewish diaspora
Destination: Babylon Age, class, etc: Jewish religious thinking made other groups such as the Levant envious, part of kingdoms Israel and Judah Transportation: by foot
Cause: After the Babylonians captured Jerusalem in the 580s, there was a massive forced migration to Babylon.
The Jewish people mourned the loss of their homeland. This mourning was the inspiration for several psalms. Also, the diaspora and other troubles of the Jewish people allowed them to develop a sense of identity.
Migrations are the movement or resettlement of people, either from one country to another or from one part of a country to another.
You will write an essay (or more) that asks you analyze similarities and differences in certain migrations. Use the charts to help you organize the information that you read on migrations.
There are various ways of organizing migrations. Some historians (e.g. Roger Cohen) classify migrations into the following groups:
· "Victims" such as the Armenians;
· "Labor” such as Indian contract workers;
· "Trade" such as Lebanese merchants in West Africa;
· "Imperial" such as British population movements to overseas dominions;
· "Cultural" such as Caribbeans living abroad, though some groups (e.g. Jews) comprise several types...
Others use these categorizations:
· Settlers – those who move to a different community with the purpose of joining it,
· Sojourners – those who move to a new community with the intention of returning to their home communities,
· Itinerants – those who move from community to community with no single home
· Invaders – those who arrive as a group with the objective of seizing control rather than joining
Others (Bridging World History) examine the causes and effects of migrations:
Still others (Patrick Manning) use this categorization:
· Home-community migration – to broaden gene pool by moving within the community
· Colonization – to extend the range of the group
· Whole community migration – to alternate among ecological settings
· Cross-community migration – to share community experience
MIGRATIONS – FOUNDATIONS
Transportation: By foot
Participants' gender: Both male and female.
Transportation: not mentioned, however, probably on foot
Participants: not mentioned, however males and females of all ages
Class: not mentioned
Transportation: not mentioned exactly, but probably the use of the Mediterranean Sea.
Participants: n/a
Class: n/a
The Phoenicians had waters, and mountains with timber, but they had no land to farm, therefore trade was the only way for them to receive necessary crops.
"Phoenicia" expresses the Phoenicians' biggest interest of trade.
Age, class, etc: Jewish religious thinking made other groups such as the Levant envious, part of kingdoms Israel and Judah
Transportation: by foot
MIGRATIONS – 600-1450
Europeans
MIGRATIONS – 1450-1750
Chinese
MIGRATIONS - 1914-Present